Abstract: With the advancement of Arctic route development and polar resource exploration, polar vessels and offshore engineering equipment have witnessed increasingly frequent operations in Arctic regions. Marine lowtemperature steel faces multifaceted challenges in these applications, including surface ice accretion, marine corrosion, and ice-impact friction, driving an urgent need for enhanced surface performance. Laser processing technology, with its advantages of high precision, low thermal impact, and process flexibility, provides innovative approaches for synergistic surface performance enhancement of marine low-temperature steel. Comprehensively review recent domestic and international research progress on the mechanisms and applications of laser etching, laser cladding, and laser remelting technologies for surface performance enhancement of marine low-temperature steel. It identifies current research limitations in this field and proposes that future efforts should focus on developing multiscale multi-functional composite surfaces for marine low-temperature steel using laser processing techniques, while establishing standardized evaluation methods tailored to polar service scenarios. This study provides theoretical references and practical guidance for further exploration in the field of laser-processed surface enhancement for marine low-temperature steel.